Share of jobs at high risk of automation (high probability of automation)
Share of employment in each country at high risk of automation, based on task profiles and probabilities from OECD’s PIAAC approach (latest 2019–2024).
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Key Insights
- •Countries with more routine, clerical, and assembly-task employment tend to show higher ‘high-risk’ shares.
- •Higher education and non-routine task intensity generally correlate with lower automation risk.
- •Automation risk can be high even in middle-income economies due to occupational structure, not just income level.
- •Policy levers include reskilling, job redesign, and technology diffusion that complements workers rather than replaces them.
Country Rankings
Top 10 Countries
Bottom 10 Countries
Data Analysis
Value Distribution
How countries are distributed across the value range
Regional Comparison
Average values by world region (Global avg: 15.5%)
About This Statistic
This statistic estimates the share of a country’s workforce whose jobs are at “high risk” of automation—typically defined as having a high probability (often ≥70%) of being automated, based on the task composition of occupations. It is not a forecast that these jobs will disappear, but a measure of how automatable the tasks are with current or near-term technologies.
Countries differ widely because of their occupational mix (e.g., routine manufacturing vs. professional services), technology adoption, and workers’ task profiles (problem-solving, social interaction, non-routine activities). The OECD PIAAC-based methodology is widely used for cross-country comparability and is frequently updated/extended by the OECD and partners for additional economies.
Full Data
| Rank ↑ | Country ↕ | Value ↕ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | South Korea | 23.0% |
| 2 | Japan | 21.0% |
| 3 | Islamic Republic of Iran | 20.0% |
| 4 | Pakistan | 20.0% |
| 5 | Türkiye | 20.0% |
| 6 | Bangladesh | 20.0% |
| 7 | Myanmar | 19.0% |
| 8 | Hungary | 19.0% |
| 9 | Nepal | 19.0% |
| 10 | Poland | 19.0% |
| 11 | Vietnam | 19.0% |
| 12 | Thailand | 19.0% |
| 13 | Turkmenistan | 19.0% |
| 14 | Uzbekistan | 19.0% |
| 15 | Belarus | 18.0% |
| 16 | People's Republic of China | 18.0% |
| 17 | Ethiopia | 18.0% |
| 18 | Republic of The Gambia | 18.0% |
| 19 | Ghana | 18.0% |
| 20 | Guinea | 18.0% |
| 21 | Indonesia | 18.0% |
| 22 | Iraq | 18.0% |
| 23 | Kazakhstan | 18.0% |
| 24 | Kyrgyzstan | 18.0% |
| 25 | Libya | 18.0% |
| 26 | Madagascar | 18.0% |
| 27 | Malaysia | 18.0% |
| 28 | Mali | 18.0% |
| 29 | Mexico | 18.0% |
| 30 | Morocco | 18.0% |
| 31 | Mozambique | 18.0% |
| 32 | Philippines | 18.0% |
| 33 | Romania | 18.0% |
| 34 | Senegal | 18.0% |
| 35 | Serbia | 18.0% |
| 36 | Somalia | 18.0% |
| 37 | Sudan | 18.0% |
| 38 | Tajikistan | 18.0% |
| 39 | Togo | 18.0% |
| 40 | Tunisia | 18.0% |
| 41 | Yemen | 18.0% |
| 42 | Algeria | 18.0% |
| 43 | Botswana | 18.0% |
| 44 | Burundi | 17.0% |
| 45 | Cambodia | 17.0% |
| 46 | Equatorial Guinea | 17.0% |
| 47 | Eritrea | 17.0% |
| 48 | Georgia | 17.0% |
| 49 | Malawi | 17.0% |
| 50 | Mauritania | 17.0% |
| 51 | Nigeria | 17.0% |
| 52 | Russian Federation | 17.0% |
| 53 | Rwanda | 17.0% |
| 54 | Sierra Leone | 17.0% |
| 55 | South Sudan | 17.0% |
| 56 | Ukraine | 17.0% |
| 57 | Egypt | 17.0% |
| 58 | United Republic of Tanzania | 17.0% |
| 59 | Zambia | 17.0% |
| 60 | Cameroon | 16.0% |
| 61 | Sri Lanka | 16.0% |
| 62 | Estonia | 16.0% |
| 63 | Greece | 16.0% |
| 64 | Haiti | 16.0% |
| 65 | India | 16.0% |
| 66 | Kenya | 16.0% |
| 67 | Latvia | 16.0% |
| 68 | Lithuania | 16.0% |
| 69 | Vanuatu | 16.0% |
| 70 | Papua New Guinea | 16.0% |
| 71 | Slovakia | 16.0% |
| 72 | Eswatini | 16.0% |
| 73 | Tuvalu | 16.0% |
| 74 | Angola | 16.0% |
| 75 | Austria | 16.0% |
| 76 | Armenia | 16.0% |
| 77 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 16.0% |
| 78 | Czech Republic | 15.0% |
| 79 | Dominican Republic | 15.0% |
| 80 | Fiji | 15.0% |
| 81 | Italy | 15.0% |
| 82 | Jordan | 15.0% |
| 83 | Namibia | 15.0% |
| 84 | New Caledonia | 15.0% |
| 85 | Saudi Arabia | 15.0% |
| 86 | Slovenia | 15.0% |
| 87 | Azerbaijan | 15.0% |
| 88 | Cuba | 14.0% |
| 89 | Cyprus | 14.0% |
| 90 | Denmark | 14.0% |
| 91 | El Salvador | 14.0% |
| 92 | Guatemala | 14.0% |
| 93 | Honduras | 14.0% |
| 94 | Lebanon | 14.0% |
| 95 | Mauritius | 14.0% |
| 96 | Peru | 14.0% |
| 97 | Portugal | 14.0% |
| 98 | Venezuela | 14.0% |
| 99 | Andorra | 14.0% |
| 100 | Bahamas | 14.0% |
| 101 | Belgium | 14.0% |
| 102 | Bolivia | 14.0% |
| 103 | Solomon Islands | 14.0% |
| 104 | Colombia | 13.0% |
| 105 | Ecuador | 13.0% |
| 106 | Finland | 13.0% |
| 107 | Germany | 13.0% |
| 108 | Jamaica | 13.0% |
| 109 | Kuwait | 13.0% |
| 110 | Oman | 13.0% |
| 111 | Netherlands | 13.0% |
| 112 | Panama | 13.0% |
| 113 | Paraguay | 13.0% |
| 114 | South Africa | 13.0% |
| 115 | Suriname | 13.0% |
| 116 | United Arab Emirates | 13.0% |
| 117 | Bahrain | 13.0% |
| 118 | Brazil | 13.0% |
| 119 | Brunei Darussalam | 13.0% |
| 120 | Canada | 12.0% |
| 121 | Country 150 | 12.0% |
| 122 | Costa Rica | 12.0% |
| 123 | Croatia | 12.0% |
| 124 | France | 12.0% |
| 125 | Ireland | 12.0% |
| 126 | New Zealand | 12.0% |
| 127 | Qatar | 12.0% |
| 128 | Saint Lucia | 12.0% |
| 129 | Spain | 12.0% |
| 130 | Switzerland | 12.0% |
| 131 | Trinidad and Tobago | 12.0% |
| 132 | Uruguay | 12.0% |
| 133 | Argentina | 12.0% |
| 134 | Australia | 12.0% |
| 135 | Israel | 11.0% |
| 136 | Luxembourg | 11.0% |
| 137 | Norway | 11.0% |
| 138 | Sweden | 11.0% |
| 139 | United Kingdom | 11.0% |
| 140 | Chile | 10.0% |
| 141 | Iceland | 10.0% |
| 142 | United States of America | 10.0% |
Topics
Data Source
This data comes from OECD (based on PIAAC methodology; ‘Jobs at risk of automation’) (2023).
View Original Source