Overeducated workers under the normative skills-mismatch approach

With the aim of promoting international comparability, statistics presented on ILOSTAT are based on standard international definitions wherever feasible and may differ from official national figures. This series is based on the 13th ICLS definitions. For time series comparability, it includes countries that have implemented the 19th ICLS standards, for which data are also available in the Work Statistics -- 19th ICLS (WORK) database. The employed comprise all persons of working age who, during a specified brief period, were in one of the following categories: a) paid employment (whether at work or with a job but not at work); or b) self-employment (whether at work or with an enterprise but not at work). The normative approach used to identify mismatched workers is based on the educational requirements set out in the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) for each one digit ISCO occupational group, and on the level of education of each person in employment. Each individual is assigned a status based on whether their level of education corresponds to the educational requirements for their particular occupational group. For more information, refer to the Education and Mismatch Indicators (EMI) database description .

MapTheory uses only finite ISO-mapped observations from the fixed 2025 ILOSTAT slice recorded below. Aggregates, missing values, non-ISO geographies, conflicting duplicate observations, and every other year or dimension slice are excluded; MapTheory never imputes or interpolates missing countries.